Business Combinations.  The purchase price for business combinations is allocated to the estimated fair values of acquired tangible and intangible assets, including goodwill, and assumed liabilities, where applicable.  Additionally, we recognize customer relationships, trademarks and trade names, and non-competition agreements as identifiable intangible assets.  These assets are recorded at fair value as of the transaction date.  The fair value of these intangible assets is determined primarily using the income approach and using current industry information.  Goodwill is recorded when consideration transferred exceeds the fair value of identifiable assets and liabilities.  Measurement-period adjustments are recorded in the period they occur.  Contingent consideration is recorded at fair value at the acquisition date.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements:

 

In May 2014 the FASB issued a new standard for revenue recognition, ASC 606.  Subsequent to issuing ASC 606, the FASB issued a number of updates and technical improvements which do not change the core principles of the guidance.  The purpose of ASC 606 is to provide a single, comprehensive revenue recognition model for all contracts with customers to improve comparability across industries.  Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted ASC 606 using the modified retrospective approach.  Adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations for any periods presented. As such, a cumulative adjustment was not recorded to our beginning retained earnings balance.

 

Revenue Recognition

Revenue is disaggregated between our installation and distribution segments. A reconciliation of disaggregated revenue by segment is included in Note 6 – Segment Information.

We recognize revenue for our Installation segment using the percentage of completion method of accounting with respect to each particular order within a given customer’s contract, based on the amount of material installed at that customer’s location and the associated labor costs, as compared to the total expected cost for the particular order. Revenue is recognized over time as the customer is able to receive and utilize the benefits provided by our services. Each contract contains one or more individual orders, which are based on services delivered. When a contract modification is made, typically the remaining goods or services are considered distinct and we recognize revenue for the modification as a separate performance obligation. When insulation and installation services are bundled in a contract, we combine these items into one performance obligation as the overall promise is to transfer the combined item.

Revenue from our Distribution segment is recognized when title to products and risk of loss transfers to our customers.  This represents the point in time when the customer is able to direct the use of and obtain substantially all the benefits from the product. The determination of when control is deemed transferred depends on the shipping terms that are agreed upon in the contract.

 

At time of sale, we record estimated reductions to revenue for customer programs and incentive offerings, including special pricing and other volume-based incentives based on historical experience, which is continuously adjusted. The duration of our contracts with customers is relatively short, generally less than a 90-day period, therefore there is not a significant financing component when considering the determination of the transaction price which gets allocated to the individual performance obligations, generally based on standalone selling prices. Additionally, we consider shipping costs charged to a customer as a fulfillment cost rather than a promised service and expense as incurred. Sales taxes, when incurred, are recorded as a liability and excluded from revenue on a net basis.

We record a contract asset when we have satisfied our performance obligation prior to billing and a contract liability generally when a customer payment is received prior to the satisfaction of our performance obligation. The difference between the beginning and ending balances of our contract assets and liabilities primarily results from the timing of our performance and the customer’s payment.

 

The following table represents our opening and closing balances of contract assets and contract liabilities with customers, in thousands:

 

 

Our contract liabilities are normally recognized to net sales in the immediately subsequent reporting period due to the generally short-term nature of our contracts with customers.

 

In August 2016 the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, “Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments”.  This standard addresses the diversity in practice of how certain cash receipts and payments are classified in the statement of cash flows, including contingent consideration payments made after a business combination which is relevant for us.  This update was effective for us beginning January 1, 2018 and we adopted the standard using a retrospective approach.  There was no impact to any prior periods as contingent consideration payments have not been made.  Future payments, as applicable, will be classified between operating and financing activities as prescribed by the standard.

 

In January 2017 the FASB issued ASU 2017-01, “Clarifying the Definition of a Business.”  The new standard narrows the definition of a business and provides a framework for evaluation.  This update was effective for us beginning January 1, 2018, and we adopted the standard using a prospective approach.  The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations.

 

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted:

 

In February 2016 the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases.”  This standard requires a lessee to recognize most leases on its balance sheet.  Companies are required to use a modified retrospective transition method for all existing leases.  This standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods therein.  Early adoption is permitted.  We have not yet selected an adoption date, and we are currently evaluating the effect of adoption of this standard on our financial position and results of operations.

 

In June 2016 the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses”.  This guidance introduces a current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model for the recognition of impairment losses on financial assets, including trade receivables.  The CECL model replaces current GAAP’s incurred loss model.  Under CECL, companies will record an allowance through current earnings for the expected credit loss for the life of the financial asset upon initial recognition of the financial asset.  This update is effective for us at the beginning of 2020 with early adoption permitted at the beginning of 2019.  We have not yet selected an adoption date, and we are currently evaluating the effect of adoption of this standard on our financial position and results of operations.

In January 2017 the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, “Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment.”  The new standard simplifies the subsequent measurement of goodwill by eliminating the second step of the goodwill impairment test.  This update is effective for us beginning January 1, 2020.  Early adoption is permitted and the new standard will be applied on a prospective basis.  We have not yet selected an adoption date, and we are currently evaluating the effect of adoption of this standard on our financial position and results of operations.